Towards a Bibliography of Critical Whiteness Studies

Whiteness Theory in Education

Audrey Thompson

 

The following list of books, chapters, and articles identifies published work in whiteness theory that focuses on education. Some of the research addresses education generally, while other work focuses on the specific practices of whiteness in education. The topics include questions of pedagogy and curriculum, white teacher and student identities in the classroom, equity issues in higher education, educational policy and institutional racism, teacher education and in-service programs, cross-race relationships in the classroom, racial assumptions guiding educational research, and teacher or student narratives of coming-to-awareness of white privilege.

The list does not include work in multicultural education, critical race theory and education, or anti-racist critical pedagogy except insofar as such work also specifically takes up questions of how whiteness is both normalized and privileged. Not all of the work listed below fits neatly into whiteness theory, however. I have included some pieces that do not engage whiteness theory questions directly if they nevertheless have proved influential for educators doing whiteness theory.

While the resulting list is far from exhaustive of whiteness theory in the field of education, I have tried to include a variety of types of research dealing explicitly with the ways in which whiteness confers benefits on and exacts costs from particular students, teachers, parents, and administrators in K–12 and higher education. I have also included a few articles addressing whiteness in educational research itself. I would be happy to be notified of other work that should be added to the list.

 

Aal, William. “Moving from Guilt to Action: Antiracist Organizing and the Concept of ‘Whiteness’ for Activism and the Academy.” In The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness, edited by Birgit Brander Rasmussen, Eric Klinenberg, Irene J. Nexica, and Matt Wray, 294–310. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001.

Allen, Ricky Lee. “The Globalization of White Supremacy: Toward a Critical Discourse on the Racialization of the World.” Educational Theory 51 (2001): 467–485.

Allen, W. B. “Response to a ‘White Discourse on Racism.’ ” Educational Researcher 22 (1993): 11–13.

Applebaum, Barbara. “Race Ignore-ance, Colortalk, and White Complicity: White Is … White Isn’t.” Educational Theory 56, no. 3 (2006): 345–362.

————. “Social Justice Education, Moral Agency, and the Subject of Resistance.” Educational Theory 54, no. 1 (Winter 2004): 59–72.

————. “White Privilege, Complicity, and the Social Construction of Race.” Educational Foundations 17, no. 4 (Fall 2003): 5–20.

Applebaum, Barbara, and Erin Stoik. “On the Meaning and Necessity of a White, Anti-Racist Identity.” In Philosophy of Education 2000, edited by Lynda Stone, 307–316. Urbana, Ill.: Philosophy of Education Society, 2001. <http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2000/applebaum%2000.pdf>

Baldwin, James. “A Talk to Teachers.” In The Price of the Ticket: Collected Nonfiction 1948–1985, 325–332. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985.

Bennefield Robin M. [interviewer] “Whiteness Studies: Deceptive or Welcome Discourse? [Karenga on Whiteness Studies].” Black Issues in Higher Education 16 (May 13, 1999): 26–27.

Bennett, Lerone, Jr. “Reading, ’Riting, and Racism.” In The Challenge of Blackness, 224–30. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co., 1972.

Berlak, Ann, and Sekani Moyenda. Taking It Personally: Racism in the Classroom from Kindergarten to College. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001.

Berry, Bernita C. “ ‘I Just See People’: Exercises in Learning the Effects of Racism and Sexism.” In Overcoming Racism and Sexism, edited by Linda A. Bell and David Blumenfeld, ), 45–51. Lanham, Md.: Roman & Littlefield, 1995. With an appendix: Marsha Houston, “Why the Dialogues Are Difficult or 15 Ways a Black Woman Knows When a White Woman’s Not Listening” (52–55).

Bigelow, Bill. “On the Road to Cultural Bias: A Critique of the ‘The Oregon Trail’ CD-ROM.” In Beyond Heroes and Holidays: A Practical Guide to K–12 Anti-Racist, Multicultural Education and Staff Development, edited by Enid Lee, Deborah Menkart, and Margo Okazawa-Rey, 359–368. Washington, D.C.: Teaching for Change, 1998/2002.

Blum, Lawrence. “Race, Community and Moral Education: Kohlberg and Spielberg as Civic Educators.” Journal of Moral Education 28, no. 2 (1999): 125–143.

————. “What Is ‘Racism’ in Anti-Racist Education?” Teachers College Record 100: 860–880.

Brandon, Wendy Webster. “Toward a White Teachers’ Guide to Playing Fair: Exploring the Cultural Politics of Multicultural Teaching.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 16 (2003): 31–50.

Brown, Kimberly Nichele. “Useful Anger: Confrontation and Challenge in the Teaching of Gender, Race, and Violence.” In Women Faculty of Color in the White Classroom, edited by Lucila Vargas, 89–107. New York: Peter Lang, 2002.

Brown, Michael K., Martin Carnoy, Elliott Currie, Troy Duster, David B. Oppenheimer, Marjorie M. Schultz, and David Wellman. “Keeping Blacks in Their Place: Race, Education, and Testing.” In White-Washing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society, 104–131. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

Bucholtz, Mary. “The Whiteness of Nerds: Superstandard English Racial Markedness.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 11 (2001): 84–100.

Carby, Hazel V. “The Multicultural Wars.” In Black Popular Culture: A Project by Michele Wallace, edited by Gina Dent, 187–199. Seattle: Bay Press, 1992.

Chalmers, Virginia. “White Out: Multicultural Performances in a Progressive School.” In Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society, edited by Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, 66–78. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Chesler, Mark A., Melissa Peet, and Todd Sevig. “Blinded by Whiteness: The Development of White College Students’ Racial Awareness.” In White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, edited by Ashley W. Doane and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, 215–230. New York: Routledge, 2003.

Chubbuck, Sharon M. “Whiteness Enacted, Whiteness Disrupted: The Complexity of Personal Congruence.” American Educational Research Journal 41, no. 2 (Summer 2004): 301–333.

Churchill, Ward. “White Studies: The Intellectual Imperialism of U.S. Higher Education.” In Beyond Comfort Zones in Multiculturalism: Confronting the Politics of Privilege, edited by Sandra Jackson and José Solís, 17–35. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey, 1995. Also: Churchill, Ward. “White Studies: The Intellectual Imperialism of U.S. Higher Education.” In From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism, 1985–1995, 271–293. Boston: South End Press, 1996.

Cochran-Smith, Marilyn. “Blind Vision: Unlearning Racism in Teacher Education.” Harvard Educational Review 70, no. 2 (Summer 2000): 157–190.

Cochran-Smith, Marilyn. “Uncertain Allies: Understanding the Boundaries of Race and Teaching.” Harvard Educational Review 65, no. 4 (Winter 1995): 541–570.

Derman-Sparks, Louise, and Carol Brunson Phillips. Teaching/Learning Anti-Racism: A Developmental Approach. New York: Teachers College Press, 1997.

Dolby, Nadine. “Making White: Constructing Race in a South African High School.” Curriculum Inquiry 32 (2002): 7–29.

duCille, Ann. “The Occult of True Black Womanhood: Critical Demeanor and Black Feminist Studies.” Signs 19 (1994): 591–629.

Duesterberg, Luann M. “Rethinking Culture in the Pedagogy and Practices of Preservice Teachers.” Teaching and Teacher Education 14, no. 5 (July 1998): 497–512.

Ellsworth, Elizabeth. “Double Binds of Whiteness.” In Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society, edited by Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, 259–269. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Fine, Michelle, Lois Weis, and Linda C. Powell. “Communities of Difference: A Critical Look at Desegregated Spaces Created for and by Youth.” Harvard Educational Review 67, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 247–284.

Fox, Helen. “When Race Breaks out”: Conversations about Race and Racism in College Classrooms. New York: Peter Lang, 2001.

Fuller, Laurie. “ ‘Whitie’ and ‘Dyke’: Constructions of Identities in the Classroom.” In Whiteness: Feminist Philosophical Narratives, edited by Chris J. Cuomo and Kim Q. Hall, 63–74. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.

Gaine, Chris. “Anti-Racist Education in ‘White’ Areas: The Limits and Possibilities of Change.” Race Ethnicity and Education 3 (2000): 65–81.

Gallagher, Charles A. “White Reconstruction in the University.” Socialist Review 94 (1995): 165–187.

Gilmore, Perry, David M. Smith, and Apacuar Larry Kairaiuak. “Resisting Diversity: An Alaskan Case of Institutional Struggle.” In Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society, edited by Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, 90–99. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Giroux, Henry A. “Critical Pedagogy as Performative Practice: Memories of Whiteness.” In Sociology of Education: Emerging Perspectives, edited by Carlos Alberto Torres and Theodore R. Mitchell, 143–153. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.

————. “Rewriting the Discourse of Racial Identity: Towards a Pedagogy and Politics of Whiteness.” Harvard Educational Review 67 (1997): 285–320.

————. “White Noise: Racial Politics and the Pedagogy of Whiteness.” In Channel Surfing: Race Talk and the Destruction of Today’s Youth, 89–136. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.

————. “White Squall: Resistance and the Pedagogy of Whiteness.” Cultural Studies 11 (1997): 376–389.

Gitlin, Andrew, Edward Buendía, Kristin Crosland, and Fodé Doumbia. “The Production of Margin and Center: Welcoming–Unwelcoming of Immigrant Students.” American Educational Research Journal 40 (2003): 91–122.

Gordon, Jenny. “White on White: Researcher Reflexivity and the Logics of Privilege in White Schools Undertaking Reform.”Urban Review 37, no. 4 (November 2005): 279–302.

Hall, Brenda, and Rosemary B. Closson. “When the Majority Is the Minority: White Graduate Students’ Social Adjustment at a Historically Black University.” Journal of College Student Development 46, no. 1 (2005): 28–42.

Harper, Helen. “When the Big Snow Melts: White Women Teaching in Canada’s North.” In Working through Whiteness: International Perspectives, edited by Cynthia Levine-Rasky, 269–288. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002.

Henze, Rosemary, Tamara Lucas, and Beverly Scott. “Dancing with the Monster: Teachers Discuss Racism, Power, and White Privilege in Education.” The Urban Review 30 (1998): 187–210.

House, Ernest R. “Race and Policy.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 7 (April 1999) [on-line journal]. http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v7n16.html

Howard, Gary R. We Can’t Teach What We Don’t Know: White Teachers, Multiracial Schools. New York: Teachers College Press, 1999.

————. “Whites in Multicultural Education: Rethinking Our Role.” Phi Delta Kappan 75 (1993): 36–41.

Hytten, Kathy, and Amee Adkins. “Thinking through a Pedagogy of Whiteness.” Educational Theory 51 (2001): 433–450.

Hytten, Kathy, and John Warren. “Engaging Whiteness: How Racial Power Gets Reified in Education.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 16 (2003): 65–89.

Johnson, Heather Beth, and Thomas M. Shapiro. “Good Neighborhoods, Good Schools: Race and the ‘Good Choices’ of White Families.” In White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, edited by Ashley W. Doane and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, 173–187. New York: Routledge, 2003.

Johnson-Bailey, Juanita, and Ming-yeh Lee. “Women of Color in the Academy: Where’s Our Authority in the Classroom?” Feminist Teacher 15, no. 2 (2005): 111–122.

Jones, Alison. “The Limits of Cross-Cultural Dialogue: Pedagogy, Desire, and Absolution in the Classroom.” Educational Theory 49 (1999): 299–316.

Kailin, Julie. Antiracist Education: From Theory to Practice. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002.

Kelly, Jennifer. “‘You Can’t Get Angry with a Person’s Life’: Negotiating Aboriginal Women’s Writing, Whiteness, and Multicultural Nationalism in a University Classroom.” In Creating Community: A Roundtable on Canadian Aboriginal Literature, edited by Renate Eigenbrod and Jo-Ann Episkenew, 147–186. Penticton, B.C. and Brandon, Manitoba: Theytys Books/Bearpaw Publishing, 2002.

King, Joyce E. “Dysconscious Racism: Ideology, Identity, and the Miseducation of Teachers.” The Journal of Negro Education 60, no. 2 (Spring 1991): 133–146.

Kohl, Herbert. “The Story of Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott Revisited.” In Should We Burn Babar? Essays on Children’s Literature and the Power of Stories, 30–56. New York: The New Press, 1995.

Kozol, Wendy. “Can Feminist Pedagogy Find a Safe Space? White Defensiveness and the Politics of Silence.” Concerns 26, nos. 1–2 (1999): 10–20.

Landsman, Julie. A White Teacher Talks about Race. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2001.

Larson, Colleen L. “Is the Land of Oz an Alien Nation? A Sociopolitical Study of School Community Conflict.”Educational Administration Quarterly 33 (August 1997): 312–350.

Larson, Colleen L., and Carlos J. Ovando. The Color of Bureaucracy: The Politics of Equity in Multicultural School Communities. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 2001.

Lawrence, Sandra M., and Takiema Bunche. “Feeling and Dealing: Teaching White Students about Racial Privilege.” Teaching and Teacher Education 12, no. 5 (September 1996): 531–542.

Lawrence, Sandra M., and Beverly Daniel Tatum. “Teachers in Transition: The Impact of Antiracist Professional Development on Classroom Practice.” Teachers College Record 99 (1997): 162–178.

Lawrence, Sandra M., and Beverly Daniel Tatum. “White Teachers as Allies: Moving from Awareness to Action.” In Off White: Readings on Race, Power, and Society, edited by Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong, 333–342. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Lewis, Amanda E. “Some Are More Equal than Others: Lessons on Whiteness from School.” In White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, edited by Ashley W. Doane and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, 159–172. New York: Routledge, 2003.

————. “There Is No ‘Race’ in the Schoolyard: Color-blind Ideology in an (Almost) All-White School.” American Educational Research Journal 38 (2001): 781–811.

Maher, Frances A., and Mary Kay Thompson Tetreault. “Learning in the Dark: How Assumptions of Whiteness Shape Classroom Knowledge.” Harvard Educational Review 67 (1997): 321–349.

Maher, Frances A., and Mary Kay Thompson Tetreault. “ ‘They Got the Paradigm and Painted It White’: Whiteness and Pedagogies of Positionality.” In White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America, edited by Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, 137–158. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.

Mayo, Cris. “The Binds that Tie: Civility and Social Difference.” Educational Theory 52 (2002): 169–186.

————. “Privilege: Rethinking White Agency.” In Philosophy of Education 2004, edited by Chris Higgins, 308–316. Urbana, Ill.: Philosophy of Education Society, 2005.

————. “Vertigo at the Heart of Whiteness.” In Philosophy of Education 2000, edited by Lynda Stone, 317–320. Urbana, Ill.: Philosophy of Education Society, 2001. http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2000/mayo%2000.pdf

McIntyre, Alice. Making Meaning of Whiteness: Exploring Racial Identity with White Teachers. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.

————. “Exploring Whiteness and Multicultural Education with Prospective Teachers.” Curriculum Inquiry 32 (2002): 31–49.

McLaren, Peter. “Decentering Whiteness: In Search of a Revolutionary Multiculturalism.” Multicultural Education 5 (1997): 4–11.

Meacham, Rebecca. “The Entanglements of Teaching Nappy Hair.” In Race in the College Classroom: Pedagogy and Politics, edited by Bonnie TuSmith and Maureen T. Reddy, 71–83. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2002.

Olson, Ruth Anne. “White Privilege in Schools.” In Beyond Heroes and Holidays: A Practical Guide to K–12 Anti-Racist, Multicultural Education and Staff Development, edited by Enid Lee, Deborah Menkart, and Margo Okazawa-Rey, 81–82. 1998; reprint, Washington, D.C.: Teaching for Change, 2002.

Paley, Vivian Gussin. White Teacher. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979.

Perry, Pamela. Shades of White: White Kids and Racial Identities in High School. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002.

Pollock, Mica. Colormute: Race Talk Dilemmas in an American School. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.

————, ed. Everyday Antiracism: Concrete Ways to Successfully Navigate the Relevance of Race in School. New York: The Free Press, in press.

Proweller, Amira. “Shifting Identities in Private Education: Reconstructing Race at/in the Cultural Center.” Teachers College Record 100 (1999): 776–808.

Rasmussen, Derek. “Qallunology: A Pedagogy for the Oppressor.” Canadian Journal of Native Education 25, no. 2 (2001): 105–116.

Razack, Sherene H. Looking White People in the Eye: Gender, Race, and Culture in Courtrooms and Classrooms. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.

Ringrose, Jessica. “Developing Feminist Pedagogical Practices to Complicate Whiteness and Work with Defensiveness.” In Working through Whiteness: International Perspectives, edited by Cynthia Levine-Rasky, 289–318. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002.

Rodriguez, Nelson M. “Emptying the Content of Whiteness: Toward an Understanding of the Relation between Whiteness and Pedagogy.” In White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America, edited by Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, 31–62. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.

Rodriguez, Nelson M., and Leila E. Villaverde, eds. Dismantling White Privilege: Pedagogy, Politics, and Whiteness. New York: Peter Lang, 2000.

Rodriguez, Roberto. “The Study of Whiteness.” Black Issues in Higher Education 16 (May 13, 1999): 20–25.

Roman, Leslie G. “White Is a Color! White Defensiveness, Postmodernism, and Antiracist Pedagogy.” In Race, Identity and Representation in Education, edited by Cameron McCarthy and Warren Crichlow, 71–88. New York: Routledge, 1993.

Saldanha, Louise, and Aruna Srivastava. “Why Do We Do This Anti-Racist Work in the Classroom?” Rungh: A South Asian Quarterly of Culture, Comment, and Criticism 4, nos. 1 & 2 (1998): 4–11.

Scheurich, James Joseph. “Toward a White Discourse on White Racism.” Educational Researcher 22 (November 1993): 5–10.

Scheurich, James Joseph, and Michelle D. Young. “Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased?” Educational Researcher 26 (May 1997): 4–16.

Scheurich, James Joseph, and Michelle D. Young. “White Racism among White Faculty: From Critical Understanding to Antiracist Activism.” In The Racial Crisis in American Higher Education: Continuing Challenges for the Twenty-First Century, rev. ed., edited by William A. Smith, Philip G. Altbach, and Kofi Lomotey, 221–242. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002.

Schick, Carol. “ ‘By Virtue of Being White’: Resistance in Anti-Racist Pedagogy.” Race Ethnicity and Education 3 (2000): 83–102.

————. “Keeping the Ivory Tower White: Discourses of Racial Domination.” In Race, Space, and the Law: Unmapping a White Settler Society, edited by Sherene H. Razack, 99–119. Toronto: Between the Lines Press, 2002.

Sheets, Rosa Hernández. “Advancing the Field or Taking Center Stage: The White Movement in Multicultural Education.” Educational Researcher 29 (2000): 15–21.

Sleeter, Christine E. “How White Teachers Construct Race.” In Race, Identity, and Representation in Education, edited by Cameron McCarthy and Warren Crichlow, 157–171. New York: Routledge, 1993. Reprinted as Sleeter, Christine. “Teaching Whites about Racism.” In Practicing What We Teach: Confronting Diversity in Teacher Education, edited by Renée J. Martin, 117–130. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995.

————. “Multicultural Education, Social Positionality, and Whiteness. In Multicultural Education as Social Activism, 135–153. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.

————. “Reflections on My Use of Multicultural and Critical Pedagogy When Students Are White.” In Multicultural Education as Social Activism, 117–134. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.

————. “Resisting Racial Awareness: How Teachers Understand the Social Order from their Social Locations.” In Multicultural Education as Social Activism, 65–89. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.

————. “Teaching Whites about Racism.” In Beyond Heroes and Holidays: A Practical Guide to K–12 Anti-Racist, Multicultural Education and Staff Development, edited by Enid Lee, Deborah Menkart, and Margo Okazawa-Rey, 36–44. 1998; reprint, Washington, D.C.: Teaching for Change, 2002.

Smith, Ruth. White Man’s Burden: A Personal Testament. New York: The Vanguard Press, 1946.

Tatum, Beverly Daniel. “Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?” and Other Conversations about Race. New York: Basic Books, 1997. Also: Tatum, Beverly Daniel. “Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?” and Other Conversations about Race. Rev. ed. With a new introduction. New York: Basic Books, 1999.

————. “Talking about Race, Learning about Racism: The Application of Racial Identity Development Theory in the Classroom.” Harvard Educational Review 62 (1992): 1–24.

————. “Teaching White Students about Racism: The Search for White Allies and the Restoration of Hope.” Teachers College Record 95 (1994): 462–476.

Thompson, Audrey. “Anti-Racist Work Zones.” In Philosophy of Education 2003, edited by Kal Alston, 387–395. Urbana, Ill.: Philosophy of Education Society, 2004. http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2003/thompson.pdf

————. “Colortalk: Whiteness and Off White.” Educational Studies 30 (1999): 141–160.

————. “Entertaining Doubts: Enjoyment and Ambiguity in White, Antiracist Classrooms.” In Passion and Pedagogy: Relation, Creation, and Transformation in Teaching, edited by Elijah Mirochnik and Debora C. Sherman, 431–452. New York: Peter Lang, 2002.

————. “[Essay Review of] Off White, edited by Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell, and L. Mun Wong.” Education Review
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————. “For: Anti-Racist Education.” Curriculum Inquiry 27 (1997): 7–44.

————. “Gentlemanly Orthodoxy: Critical Race Feminism, Whiteness Theory, and the APA Manual.” Educational Theory 54 (2004): 27–57.

————. “Not the Color Purple: Black Feminist Lessons for Educational Caring.” Harvard Educational Review 68 (1998): 522–554.

————. “Tiffany, Friend of People of Color: White Investments in Antiracism.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 16 (2003): 7–29.

Titone, Connie. “Educating the White Teacher As Ally.” In White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America, edited by Joe L. Kincheloe, Shirley R. Steinberg, Nelson M. Rodriguez, and Ronald E. Chennault, 159–175. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.

Torres, Edén E. “The Virtues of Conflict: Challenging Dominant Culture and White Feminist Theory.” In Chicana without Apology/Chicana sin vergüenza: The New Chicana Cultural Studies, 129–144. New York: Routledge, 2003.

Uttal, Lynet. “Inclusion without Influence: The Continuing Tokenism of Women of Color.” In Making Face, Making Soul/Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Women of Color, edited by Gloria Anzaldúa, 42–45. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Foundation Books, 1990.

Warren, John. “Whiteness and Cultural Theory: Perspectives on Research and Education.” The Urban Review 31 (1999): 185–203.

Warren, John T. Performing Purity: Whiteness, Pedagogy, and the Reconstitution of Power. New York: Peter Lang, 2003.

————. “Performing Whiteness Differently: Rethinking the Abolitionist Project.” Educational Theory 51, no. 4 (Fall 2001): 451–466.

Wills, John S. “Who Needs Multicultural Education? White Students, U.S. History, and the Construction of a Usable Past.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 27 (September 1996): 365–389.

Wise, Tim. “Columbine High: Blinded by the White.” Z Magazine 12 (June 1999): 4–7.

Wolverton, Terry. “Unlearning Complicity, Remembering Resistance: White Women’s Anti-Racism Education.” In Learning Our Way: Essays in Feminist Education, edited by Charlotte Bunch and Sandra Pollack (187–199). Trumansburg, N.Y.: Crossing Press, 1983.

Woodson, Carter Godwin. The Mis-Education of the Negro. 1933. Reprint, Washington, D.C.: The Associated Publishers, Inc., 1972. Also: Woodson, Carter Godwin. The Mis-Education of the Negro. 1933. Reprint, Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, Inc., 1990.

Young, Michelle, and Jerry Rosiek. “Interrogating Whiteness.” Educational Researcher 29 (March 2000): 39–44. [Review of White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America]